S&P 500
The Standard and Poor 500 is a widely followed benchmark of stock market performance, the S&P 500 includes 400 industrial firms, 40 financial stocks, 40 utilities, and 20 transportation stocks.

SAA
Abbreviation for System Application Architecture, which is an IBM term for a system whereby PC's can be connected to and used to run mainframes by co-operative processing.

SAFPS
Acronym for South African Fraud Prevention Service. The SAFPS has been established to prevent fraud by allowing members to exchange details of alleged wrongdoers when they are discovered. The service is a non-profit association registered in terms of Section 21 of the Companies Act. See Fraud.

Sale Finance Industry
Sales loan company transactions excluding real estate account types. Terms can reflect either revolving or instalment loans (for example, GMAC, Ford Motor Credit, Toyota Motor Credit, etc.).

Sales Draft
A paper record evidencing the purchase of goods or services by an account holder from a merchant.

Salt
A random, but not secret, quality that is used in an encryption algorithm to ensure that results are different each time the algorithm is used, even if the key is unchanged.

Sample
A body of accounts that are statistically analysed in order to construct a credit scorecard. Good and Bad accounts are used in the sample, along with rejected applications.

Sample Noise
Random variations exhibited in data that is unlikely to be repeated in other samples drawn from the same source and it is not representative of any actual underlying population dynamics.

Sample Tuning
Occurs when spurious relationships are identified, which are not part of the underlying structure. This may occur when due to a small sample size; a relationship is identified in the data, which is not representative of the population to which the model will be applied. Also known as Over-fitting.

Sampling Plan
The overall plan for selecting representative examples of Good, Bad and Rejected applications.

Sampling Point
The point in time at which an account is observed and classified as Good or Bad. Also known as the Classification Point or the Observation Point.

Sampling Time Frame
The time period from which the development sample is extracted. This is normally a 12-month period. See Time Frame.

Satellite Connection
An Internet connection for sending and receiving information via a satellite dish.

Satisfaction Survey
A survey of customers designed as much to learn something about the customers for relationship building purposes, as it is to learn about good and bad features of the servicing of the customers.

Satisfactory Accounts
Accounts that perform according to the terms and conditions of account usage, as defined by the credit grantor. Also known as Goods.

Saturated Market
A situation in which everyone has the product and the market is essentially a replacement market. For example, tyres, batteries, room air conditioners, televisions.

Savings and Loan
Loan types extended by savings and loan companies that are revolving or instalment, including credit cards, unknown account types, secured and unsecured lines of credit that are not displayed as holding revolving terms, but excluding real estate loans.

SBT
Signature-Based Transaction.

Scalability
The ability and flexibility of an application to meet the growth requirements of an organisation.

Scaling
This is the multiplication of all of the attributes weights by a given number, which is typically 20.

Scenario Planning
An attempt to build plausible views of a small number of different possible futures for an organisation operating in conditions of high uncertainty.

SCF
Sectional Centre Facility. The first three digits of the U.S. Zip Code.

Scope
Defines the boundaries of a project, including delivery date and project specification.

Score
The total number of points that an application accrues by summing all of the weightings corresponding to the answers given on the application form and relevant data retrieved from internal or external data sources.

Score Band
A narrow range of scores that are grouped together to form a statistically meaningful unit. These are used for monitoring purposes. Also known as Score Interval.

Score Distributions
The distributions of the Good scores and the Bad scores.

Score Interval
A narrow range of scores that are grouped together to form a statistically meaningful unit. These are used for monitoring purposes. Also known as Score Band.

Score Misalignment Report
A report detailing by attribute how even the nature of the score: odds relationship is. Where the relationship is not even, the scorecard may require re-weighting.

Score to Odds Relationship
The relationship between the score and the odds. For example a behaviour score of 660 may have associated odds of 15 Goods to 1 Bad.

Score Weight
A numerical or point value attached to an attribute.

Scorecard
A table listing the characteristics that provide the most predictive information and the attributes and weightings associated with each characteristic.

Scorecard Lifecycle
The phases of the lifecycle of a scorecard include development, implementation, improvement, maximum performance and degradation.

Scorecard Performance Reports
Reports that are produced on a monthly basis analysing the performance of the scorecards in predicting Good, Bad and Indeterminate accounts.

Scorecard Power
There are a number of statistical measures for quantifying the potential strength of a scorecard. These include R-squared, information value, coefficient of determination, exchange coefficient, divergence and the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff statistic.

Scorecard Representation
An analytical model that assumes linear relationships in variables being studied. Also known as a Linear Model.

Scoring
Classifying or attaching predictions to database records based on a model.

Scoring Instructions
The set of instructions that are provided to the credit grantor, instructing them how to associate answers on application forms and items on credit bureau reports, with attributes used by the scoring system.

Scoring Manual
A set of detailed instructions on how to score each characteristic and attribute in the scoring system.

Screensaver
A program that is activated when a computer has been inactive for a period of time.

SDSL
Also known as Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line. SDSL sends digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires.

SE NUMBER
Service Entitlement Number. Assigned by and required for processing American Express, Discover, Diners Club, and JCB.

Search
An enquiry made at a credit bureau.

Search Engine
A program used to search for things on the World Wide Web.

Second Generation
The second version of technology. Commercial Internet technology that is used today consists of second generation applications built on first generation applications that have now evolved. Also see First Generation and Third Generation.

Second Mortgage
An additional mortgage placed on a property which has rights that are subordinate to the first mortgage.

Secondary Credit Trading Market
A mechanism for transferring credit exposures from one participant to another. Secondary credit trading activities include loan syndications, loan sales and participations, asset securitisations, as well as the provision of credit enhancements and liquidity facilities to such transactions.

Secondary Mortgage Loan
A mortgage loan that is in addition to a mortgage that already exists on the home.

Sectional Centre Facility. (SCF)
The first three digits of the U.S. Zip Code.

Secure Electronic Transactions
Also known as SET. Secure payment protocol developed by MasterCard and Visa and designed to ensure security for all bankcard transactions over the Internet.

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
A web-based technology that lets one computer verify another's identity and allows secure connections.

Secured Creditors
Secured creditors have a lien on the property of the company.

Secured Debt
Debt that is backed by a mortgage, pledge of collateral, or other lien. The creditor has the right to pursue specific pledged property upon default.

Securities Credit
Refers to extensions of credit subject to regulation under section 7 of the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or extensions of credit by a broker or dealer subject to regulation as a broker or dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Securitisation
The substitution of securities for bank loans, i.e. the process that converts bank loans or other non-tradable financial transactions into tradable securities.

Security
Property that backs up a loan and becomes the lender’s if the loan is not paid. See collateral.

Security Card
This type of smart card is specifically geared toward the Identity Management (IDM) software for remote access, secure sign-on, and digital ID cards.

Security Interest
The lender’s right to claim collateral and sell it to recover a defaulted loan balance. Segment A section, or part of the overall credit record. Segments are discrete and may not overlap other segments. Each segment has a specific function, such as balance trades.

Seeds
Names of friends, relatives, or employees inserted in a direct mail campaign to track delivery and quality, and to safeguard against unauthorised mailings. See Decoy.

Segmentation
The act of breaking up a set of field values into discrete groups based on similarity. Clustering and classification trees are methods of segmenting data without or with a dependent, respectively.

Segmentation Analysis
The process of determining how to effectively split the total population into sub-populations, in order to develop separate scorecards for the sub-populations.

Self-cures
A classification of accounts used with Collections Triage™ that identifies account holders that will cure the delinquency, before being three cycles delinquent, without or with little collections activity.

Self-liquidating Loan
A loan used to finance current assets. The sale of the current assets will provide the cash to repay the loan.

Self-Mailer
A direct mail piece mailed without an envelope.

Selling Short
An allocation to a security that is less than that implied in the benchmark. Where no benchmark is used, this is achieved by borrowing the security for a period and selling it with the hope of buying it back later at a lower price.

Semi-additive Measure
A semi-additive measure can only be added along certain dimensions. For example, account balances cannot be added along the time dimension, but can be added across multiple accounts.

Sensitivity Analysis
A tool of quantitative risk analysis for testing the effect of varying parameters in a model either singly or in combination to assess their effect on outcome. Analysis tool for apportioning the variation in the model to its sources include correlation coefficients, rank correlation and regression analysis.

Sequential
The way records are arranged on a tape. The opposite is random order, or a relational database.

Sequential Access
Computer disks that access database records in sequential fashion. This is the opposite of Random Access.

Sequential Name File
An alternative name for a Flat File.

Serial Port
The place on the back of your computer where you plug in your modem. Also called a Communications Port or Comm Port.

Server
A computer that provides a service to other computers on a network.

Service Entitlement Number
Abbreviated as SE NUMBER. Assigned by and required for processing American Express, Discover, Diners Club, and JCB.

Service of Process
The delivery of documents to the other party.

Service Professional
Service and professional industry loan transactions excluding real estate transactions that can be revolving or instalment.

SET
Secure Electronic Transaction, a MasterCard/Visa backed standard to allow safe Internet trading via encryption certification of all parties involved in a transaction.

SET
Abbreviation for Secure Electronic Transactions. Secure payment protocol developed by MasterCard and Visa and designed to ensure security for all bankcard transactions over the Internet.

Set-off
The ability to reduce a debt by applying a counter claim between the same parties.

Setting Down
This term refers to the stage when, after all preliminary matters have been concluded and the pleadings are closed, the Plaintiff secures a date for trial.

Settlement
The reporting and transfer of settlement amounts owed by one institution to another, as a result of clearing.

Settlement Statement
A document issued to the merchant, indicating the sales and credit activity, billing information, discount fee and charge-backs occurring during a particular time frame.

Shadow Credit Limit
A secondary credit limit, higher than the standard credit limit, which is unknown to the customer. This is used to enable oversells and overlimit transactions.

Shareware
Software that can be downloaded from the Internet so that you can try it before buying it. Also see Crippleware and Freeware.

Shockwave
A standard for viewing interactive multimedia on the World Wide Web.

Shopping Cart Software
Allows the cardholder to select items from an online store and place them in a 'virtual shopping basket' or 'shopping cart.' The shopping cart remembers which items are selected while the cardholder views other items within the 'virtual storefront,' keeps a running total. The items in the shopping cart are eventually ordered if the cardholder chooses.

Short Message Service
Also known as SMS. A Short Message Service enables messages of up to 160 characters long to be sent and received by mobile terminals through a network operator`s message centre.

Short Messaging
A short message is a brief text message sent to or from a mobile phone subscriber through the Short Message Service (SMS). A short message is exchanged between two mobile devices.

Short Settlement
An agreed amount, which is less than the full amount due, that the debtor will pay, and the creditor will accept, in full repayment of the debt.

SIC Code
Abbreviation for Standard Industry Code, which is a coding system designed by the U. S. Department of Commerce for classifying the products and services produced by companies.

Signature
In Cryptography, a method that lets anyone verify that a particular message originated from a particular person or organisation. The originator encrypts a hash of the message using his or her private key in such a way that anyone can verify this hash using the originator’s public key.

Signature Loan
A loan made without collateral.

Signature Panel
The area of an ID card where the cardholder enters a signature.

Signature Panel
The area on an ID card which the cardholder signs.

Significance
A measure of the strength of a relationship between sample elements based on a statistical test.

SIM
Subscriber Identification Module: the smart card necessary for the operation of GSM phones.

Simple Interest Financing
Interest on the outstanding balance. See Actuarial Method.

Simple Linear Regression
Simple linear regression aims to find a linear relationship between a response variable and a possible predictor variable by the method of least squares.

Simple Linear Trend Model
An extrapolative statistical model that asserts that earnings have a base level and grow at a constant amount each period.

Simulation
The use of a mathematical model to imitate a situation many times in order to estimate the likelihood of various possible outcomes. See Monte Carlo Simulation.

Single Premium Insurance.
An insurance policy which requiring one initial lump sum payment.

Singleton
A merchant operation consisting of one location with no future plans to open another.

Skeleton Filing
A term used at bankruptcy courts to describe a bankruptcy filing in which not all the necessary forms have been filed.

Skewness
A measure of the non-symmetry of a statistical distribution. Symmetrical distributions have a skewness value of zero.

Skimming
Copying the magnetic stripe encoding from one card to another.

Skimming Device
The device is roughly the size of an electronic pager. When a customer makes a credit card purchase, the card is swiped, the information is collected from the magnetic stripe, and is then telephoned in for approval. During this process, the electronic skimmer captures the information and re-encodes it onto the magnetic stripe of a plain plastic card and/or stores it in the skimming device itself, and can then be downloaded and manipulated for a variety of illegal purposes.

SKU
Abbreviation for Stock Keeping Unit, which is a warehouse term for the products that a company produces. Each different product has its own SKU number.

Slicing and Dicing
The user-initiated process of navigating by calling for page displays interactively, through the specification of slices using pivoting and drilling.

Slippage
The difference between estimated transaction costs and actual transaction costs. The difference is usually composed of revisions to price difference or spread and commission costs.

Smart Card
A card with an imbedded computer chip which stores more information, performs more functions and is more secure than a credit card or debit card. See Chip Card, Masked, Memory Card, Initialisation, ABS or Multi-Application.

Smooth Call Arrival
Calls that arrive evenly across a period of time. This is virtually non-existent in incoming call environments.

SMS
Abbreviation for Short Message Service. A short message is a brief text message sent to or from a mobile phone subscriber through the Short Message Service. A short message is exchanged between two mobile devices.

SMS
Short Message Service enables messages of up to 160 characters long to be sent and received by mobile terminals through a network operator`s message centre.

SNA
A communications protocol describing a terminal-to-mainframe type connection.

Soc
A type of newsgroup that discuss social topics, covering a huge array of subjects.

Society For Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecom
Also known as SWIFT, an international payment network.

Soft Bounce E-mail
Soft bounce e-mail is recognised by the recipient's mail server but is returned to the sender because the recipient's mailbox is full, the mail server is temporarily unavailable, or the recipient no longer has an e-mail account at that address. See Bounce E-mail or Hard Bounce E-mail.

Soft Currency
A currency that is expected to drop in value relative to other currencies.

Soft Decline
A declined response in which authorisation is not granted on a valid card, not because it has been stolen or lost, but because the credit card already exceeds the credit line.

Soft Market
Market characterised by an excess of supply over demand.

Software
Programs that run on computers. Programs instruct the computer what to do in a step-by-step fashion.

Solicitation Scoring
The process of using a pre-screen scorecard to streamline a mailing list before sending a mail shot. Also known as Pre-screen Scoring.

Solo Mailing
A mailing promoting a single product or a limited group of related products.

Solvency
The ability of a corporation to meet both long-term fixed expenses and have capital available for long-term expansion and growth.

Source Code
A field to describe the origin or marketing campaign of the account. See Response Device.

Spam
Unwanted or unrequested email or email advertising.

Spam Filter
A program that is used to detect unsolicited and unwanted email and prevent spam messages from getting into a user`s inbox.

Spam Trap
An email account that automatically deletes everything that goes into it.

Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
The Spearman rank correlation coefficient is one example of a correlation coefficient. It is usually calculated on occasions when it is not convenient, economic, or even possible to give actual values to variables, but only to assign a rank order to instances of each variable. It may also be a better indicator that a relationship exists between two variables when the relationship is non-linear.

Special Comment
Describes special information about the account.

Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)
The merger of a bond and a derivatives trade into a single contract, usually for trading purposes.

Sperre Code
Cancellation code.

Split
A division of a data set based on the values found in a single field (or function of fields). See Agent Group.

Split Dial / Capture
Process which allows the authorisation terminal to dial directly to different card processors for authorisation and electronic draft capture.

Split Dial Authorisation
A process allowing the authorisation terminal to dial directly to different card processors for “authorisation.” In this instance, the merchant cannot be both EDC and Split Dial.

SQL
Structured Query Language. The standardised, high-level query language that is used in relational database management systems to create and manipulate database management system objects. Also defined as a query language used when working with IBM software. Usually pronounced ‘sequal.’

SSL
Abbreviation for Secure Socket Layer. A web-based technology that lets one computer verify another's identity and allows secure connections

Stand-In-Processing (STIP)
Authorisation services that are used on behalf of an issuer, when the issuer or its authorising processor is unavailable.

Standard
A standard is a set of specifications defining the physical, electrical or logical properties of a device.

Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500
A rating index of the 500 largest, most actively traded stocks on the New York Stock Exchange. The index is a guide to the overall health of the US stock market.

Standard Error
In statistics, a measure of the possible error in an estimate.

Standard Floor Limit
A type of Floor Limit. A currency amount that Visa/MasterCard has established for single transactions at specific types of merchant outlets and branches, above which authorisation is required.

Start Up Kit
Supplies shipped to new merchants including sales slips, credit slips, batch header tickets, return envelopes, VISA/MasterCard decals, merchant plastics, imprinter slugs and instructional materials.

Start-up Scorecard
A scorecard that has been developed when there is insufficient data to develop an empirical scorecard. In these instances, the scorecard will be developed based on the scorecard supplier’s experience. Also known as judgmental scorecard or a generic scorecard. Any State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States of America.

Statement Message
A text message that appears on a customer’s statement. This is often used for marketing or delinquent collections purposes.

Statement Messaging
The set-up and maintenance of system messages and definitions that apply to marketing, transaction descriptions or general information relating to the account status.

Statement Stuffer
An offer or newsletter included with the monthly invoice or statement sent to customers.

Statistical Inference
The process of drawing conclusions from data through statistical methods.

Statistical Model
An attempt to summarise the complexities of the ‘real world’, using available data, in the form of simplified statements or relationships. For scoring models, the ‘real world’ is that of the credit grantor.

Status
A numeric code or alphanumeric code that identifies the condition of an account.

Status Change
A non-monetary change such as an account change or update, i.e. new merchant address.

Step
A component of a path. A step performs an action.

Stepwise Regression
A 'best' regression model is sometimes developed in stages. A list of several potential explanatory variables are available and this list is repeatedly searched for variables which should be included in the model. The best explanatory variable is used first, then the second best, and so on. This procedure is known as Stepwise Regression.

STIP
Acronym for ‘Stand-In-Processing’. Authorisation services that are used on behalf of an issuer, when the issuer or its authorising processor is unavailable.

Stock Keeping Unit (SKU)
A warehouse term for the products that a company produces. Each different product has its own SKU number.

Storage
Refers to the capacity a computer has for holding data. PC storage capacity is measured in megabytes whilst mainframe capacity is measured in gigabytes.

Store Card
Store cards are issued by certain chains of shops, department stores and petrol stations. Store cards are like credit cards, charge cards or budget cards but they can only be used in the shops or group of shops which issue them. Store cards usually carry higher interest rates than the normal, internationally accepted credit cards.

Stored-Value Card
A pre-paid payment card that stores a monetary value from which the purchase amount is deducted from the card each time the card is used.

Straight Rollers
A classification of accounts that identifies account holders who will charge-off or declare bankruptcy within a specific period of their initial delinquent event, regardless of collections activity.

Strategic Management
An organisation-wide task involving both the development and implementation of strategy. It demands the ability to steer the organisation as a whole through strategic change under conditions of complexity and uncertainty.

Strategy
Concerned with deciding what business an organisation should be in, where it wants to be, and how it is going to get there.

Strategy
A strategy is a set of policies and procedures that determines how an organisation will go about achieving a business goal. Strategies are often represented in the form of decision trees.

Strategy Machine
A Strategy Machine solution is an enterprise application that combines analytic models, data and decision management software to automate and improve decisions for a specific function or decision area.

Strategy Management Systems
Proprietary systems for implementing account management strategy design and testing for application or behaviour scoring.

Strategy Outcomes Reports
These are reports, produced on a monthly basis that detail the outcomes of the strategies in place.

Strategy Performance Reports
These are reports, produced on a monthly basis that detail the performance, across a wide range of measure, of the strategies in place.

Strategy Science
Strategy Science opens up new sources of value for business by expanding the application of analytics beyond predictions, to decisions. While scorecards predict customer behaviour, Strategy Science pinpoints the best strategy for making a decision based on these predictions.

Stratification
Adding demographics to a name and address file.

Stress Test
A general term for the practice of subjecting a model to inputs that are adjusted to represent extreme or unusual changes in market factors. The sources of stress may be actual historical changes in market factors or hypothetical changes.

Strip Off
The process of separating transactions during submission of a batch for settlement.

Structured Query Language (SQL)
The standardised, high-level query language that is used in relational database management systems to create and manipulate database management system objects.

Student’s t-Test
This is a test applied to the individual coefficients of the regression equation. The coefficient divided by its standard error has a t-distribution. Also known as t-Test.

Sub-branch
In a decision tree, a set of branches not including the parent node.

Sub-population
Any sub-group, within the main population, that is sufficiently and significantly different from the rest of the population, to warrant being monitored, evaluated or potentially scored separately.

Sub-Prime Mortgage
A home loan given to borrowers who do not qualify for the best market interest rates because of their credit history. Sub-prime offers an opportunity for borrowers with a less than ideal credit record to gain access to credit.

Sub-tree
In a decision tree, any collection of branches other than the entire tree.

Submission
The process of sending batch deposits to Merchant Services for processing. This may be done electronically or by mail.

Subpoena
A summons issued by the court calling upon a person to attend the court on a certain day, at a time specified, for the purpose of giving evidence in a certain case, under a penalty in the event of failure to do so.

Subprime Loan
These loans are priced higher than prime loans, often much higher. Loans to borrowers whose credit is less than perfect will almost always be subprime loans. There are also other circumstances that lead to subprime loans, including high outstanding debt, unproven income, etc. Even borrowers with good credit may receive subprime loans for a variety of reason, including fraud, discrimination, failure to shop around, etc.

Subscriber
Credit grantor who has signed a service agreement with a credit bureau.

Subscriber Code
A unique number used by each credit bureau that identifies the credit grantor inquiring or reporting data. The design of the code is unique to each credit bureau. Also see Industry Code and Industry Type.

Substrate
Material upon which a plastic card is printed.

Suit
An action or process in a court for the recovery of a right or claim.

Sum-of-Cycle Report
A report that is produced at cycle billing, rather than at month-end.

Summary Counts
A form of cross-counts that relates the status of the accounts at the classification point, to the time period in which the account was opened. These are used to confirm the sample period.

Support Documentation
The forms necessary to effect a chargeback processing cycle, and any additional material to uphold a dispute.

Suppression
Using data from one source to suppress or eliminate data from another source. An example would be to use in-house data to cross-reference and eliminate existing customers on a purchased external list.

Surcharge
An extra charge imposed on those who purchase with a credit card instead of cash. (Currently, surcharges for credit card purchases are prohibited.)

Survey
A drawing or map showing the precise legal boundaries of a property and other physical features, prepared by a registered land surveyor.

Survival Analysis
Survival analysis is a collection of statistical methods where the outcome variable is the time until an event occurs. The event of interest may be death or relapse from remission in epidemiology, structural failure of a component in a manufacturing reliability test, attrition of a bankcard holder, or mortgage prepayment.

Suspect Transaction
A transaction that occurs one day prior to or following the account number being listed in the combined Warning Bulletin or listed as pickup card.

Suspensive Condition
This is a clause in the agreement of sale whereby the validity of the contract is made subject to the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event.

Sustainability
A state or process that can be maintained indefinitely. The principles of sustainability integrate three closely interlined elements of the environment, the economy, and the social systems into a system that can be maintained in a healthy state indefinitely.

Swap Set
Applications that would have been accepted under manual reviewing methods or previous scorecards, but would be rejected with the new scorecards and vice-versa.

Sweepstakes
The process of offering randomly drawn prizes to all respondents mailed, regardless of whether or not they have made a purchase. Typically, this method is used to generate new prospect lists.

SWIFT
Acronym for the Society For Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication, an international payment network.

Switch
Switch is a UK debit card payment scheme. Once an issuer has joined Switch, it can issue cards which will be accepted at any outlet showing the Switch logo. Similarly, cardholders can use Switch cards to make payments in any shop displaying the logo.

SWOT Analysis
A way of summarising the organisation’s main strengths and weaknesses relative to the significant opportunities and threats in the external environment.

Symbolic Variable
Macro variables are sometimes referred to as symbolic variables.

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Also known as SDSL. Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line sends digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires.

Syndicate
Group of banks that each provide certain funds for financing of a sizable transaction.

System Application Architecture
Known as SAA. This is an IBM term for a system whereby PC's can be connected to and used to run mainframes by co-operative processing.

System Information Value
The measure of the ability of a scoring system to separate good accounts from bad accounts.

System Integrator
Someone who can integrate the functions that have been outsourced to several different companies.

Systematic Risk
Risk depending on factors which influence the whole market and cannot be reduced or excluded by portfolio diversification.